Neurofeedback Research

Neurofeedback Research & Studies

The effectiveness of microcurrent neurofeedback on depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and quality of life

A pilot treatment study for mild traumatic brain injury: Neuroimaging changes detected by MEG after low-intensity pulse-based transcranial electrical stimulation

Extensive research from institutions around the world has demonstrated the clinical effectiveness of neurofeedback. Below is a collection of peer-reviewed studies highlighting its impact on brain function, emotional regulation, cognitive performance, and overall well-being.

Ayache, S. S., Bardel, B., Lefaucheur, J. P., & Chalah, M. A. (2021). Neurofeedback therapy for the management of multiple sclerosis symptoms: current knowledge and future perspectives. Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 20(3), 745-754. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jin2003079
Bauer, C. C., Okano, K., Ghosh, S. S., Lee, Y. J., Melero, H., de Los Angeles, C., … & Whitfield-Gabrieli, S. (2020). Real-time fMRI neurofeedback reduces auditory hallucinations and modulates resting state connectivity of involved brain regions: Part 2: Default mode network-preliminary evidence. Psychiatry research, 284, 112770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112770
Berman, M. H. (2020). Connecting the isomorphic dots: From Bioenergetics and character structure to EEG neurofeedback. In Neurofeedback (pp. 17-23). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2020.1791777
Collura, T. F. (2017). Quantitative EEG and live z-score neurofeedback—current clinical and scientific context. Biofeedback, 45(2), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-45.1.07
Enriquez-Geppert, S., Huster, R. J., & Herrmann, C. S. (2017). EEG-neurofeedback as a tool to modulate cognition and behavior: a review tutorial. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 11, 51.
Eroğlu, G. (2020). Improving reading abilities in dyslexia with neurofeedback and multi-sensory learning (Doctoral dissertation).
Eroğlu, G., Gürkan, M., Teber, S., Ertürk, K., Kırmızı, M., Ekici, B., … & Çetin, M. (2022). Changes in EEG complexity with neurofeedback and multi-sensory learning in children with dyslexia: A multiscale entropy analysis. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 11(2), 133-144.
Taskov, T., & Dushanova, J. (2022). Improving functional connectivity in developmental dyslexia through combined neurofeedback and visual training. Symmetry, 14(2), 369.
Harandi, V., & Moghadam, N. K. (2017). A comparison of the effectiveness of Neurofeedback (NFB) training method and fernald’s multisensory approach on dictation performance among students suffering from dictation disorder (Dysgraphia). Focus on Sciences, 3(1), 1-6.
Mousavi, S. E., Omidian, M., Behroozi, N., & Hajiyakhchali, A. (2023). Comparing the Effectiveness of Neurofeedback, Neuropsychology, and Phonological Awareness Methods in Improving Dyslexia Symptoms of Students: A Network Meta-analysis. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, (In Press).
Kouhbanani, S. S., Khosrorad, R., Hashemian, M., & Nasehnezhad, M. (2015). Influence of neurofeedback in improving the deaf students’ reading after cochlear implantation. Journal of Medicine and Life, 8(Spec Iss 3), 44.
Farnia, S., Kiani-Chelmardi, M., Mobini, M., Mehrpour, A., Fattahi, S., Zarghami, M., … & Abedi-Omali, N. (2020). Comparison of alpha–theta neurofeedback versus sensorimotor rhythm neurofeedback in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia: A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Chronic Diseases Journal, 105-111. https://doi.org.10.22122/cdj.v8i3.523
Fleischman, M. J. (2022). Documenting the Impact of Infra Low Frequency Neurofeedback on Underserved Populations With Complex Clinical Presentations. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 16, 921491. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.921491
Gruzelier, J. H. (2014). EEG-neurofeedback for optimising performance. III: A review of methodological and theoretical considerations. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 44, 159-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.015
Hammer, B. U., Colbert, A. P., Brown, K. A., & Ilioi, E. C. (2011). Neurofeedback for insomnia: A pilot study of Z-score SMR and individualized protocols. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 36, 251-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-011-9165-y
Hammond, D. C. (2019). Personal perspectives on neurofeedback. Neurofeedback: The First Fifty Years, 183.
Hartman, D. (2010). Treatment of Chronic Fatigue with Neurofeedback and Self-hypnosis. Journal of Heart Centered Therapies, 13(1), 59-60. https://doi.org/10.3233/nre-2001-16415
Koush, Y., Rosa, M. J., Robineau, F., Heinen, K., Rieger, S. W., Weiskopf, N., Vuilleumier, P., Van De Ville, D. & Scharnowski, F. (2013). Connectivity-based neurofeedback: dynamic causal modeling for real-time fMRI. Neuroimage, 81, 422-430.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.010
Lanius, U. (2019). Developmental Trauma, LENS and Neural Regulation: Brain and Body. APJNT Journal, 23.
Legarda, S. B., McMahon, D., Othmer, S., & Othmer, S. (2011). Clinical neurofeedback: case studies, proposed mechanism, and implications for pediatric neurology practice. Journal of Child Neurology, 26(8), 1045-1051.https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073811405052
Lubianiker, N., Paret, C., Dayan, P., & Hendler, T. (2022). Neurofeedback through the lens of reinforcement learning. Trends in Neurosciences, 45(8), 579-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.008
Luctkar-Flude, M. F., Tyerman, J., & Groll, D. (2019). Exploring the use of neurofeedback by cancer survivors: results of interviews with neurofeedback providers and clients. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 6(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon_34_18
Markovics, J. A. (2021). Training the Conductor of the Brainwave Symphony: In Search of a Common Mechanism of Action for All Methods of Neurofeedback. In Brain-Computer Interface. IntechOpen.
McCarthy, R. E. (2019). My neurofeedback story. Neurofeedback: The First Fifty Years, 291.
Mir, S. A., & Khan, F. (2019). Efficacy of low energy neurofeedback system in rehabilitation of mental health disorders. Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation, 8(1), 49-52.
Mottaz, A., Solcà, M., Magnin, C., Corbet, T., Schnider, A., & Guggisberg, A. G. (2015). Neurofeedback training of alpha-band coherence enhances motor performance. Clinical Neurophysiology, 126(9), 1754-1760.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.11.023
Neuber, J. (2020). The effect of neurofeedback training on sleep and mood.
Othmer, S. F. (2020). History of the Othmer method: an evolving clinical model and process. In Neurofeedback (pp. 327-334). Academic Press.
Othmer, S., & Othmer, S. F. (2017). Toward a frequency-based theory of neurofeedback. In Rhythmic Stimulation Procedures in Neuromodulation (pp. 225-278). Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803726-3.00008-0
Patel, K., Sutherland, H., Henshaw, J., Taylor, J. R., Brown, C. A., Casson, A. J., Trujillo-Barreton, N. J. & Sivan, M. (2020). Effects of neurofeedback in the management of chronic pain: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical trials. European Journal of Pain, 24(8), 1440-1457.
https://doi.oirg/10.1002/ejp.1612
Perl, M., & Perl, D. (2019). EEG amplitude neurofeedback: a review of the research. APJNT Journal, 44.
Ros, T., J. Baars, B., Lanius, R. A., & Vuilleumier, P. (2014). Tuning pathological brain oscillations with neurofeedback: a systems neuroscience framework. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 1008. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.01008
Ros, T., Frewen, P., Theberge, J., Michela, A., Kluetsch, R., Mueller, A., Candrian, G., Jetly, R., Vuilleumier, P. & Lanius, R. A. (2017). Neurofeedback tunes scale-free dynamics in spontaneous brain activity. Cerebral Cortex, 27(10), 4911-4922.https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw285
Scott, S. M., & Gehrke, L. (2019). Neurofeedback during creative expression as a therapeutic tool. Mobile brain-body imaging and the neuroscience of art, innovation and creativity, 161-166.
Shibata, K., Lisi, G., Cortese, A., Watanabe, T., Sasaki, Y., & Kawato, M. (2019). Toward a comprehensive understanding of the neural mechanisms of decoded neurofeedback. Neuroimage, 188, 539-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.022
Sime, A. (2004). Case study of trigeminal neuralgia using neurofeedback and peripheral biofeedback. Journal of Neurotherapy, 8(1), 59-71. https://doi.org/10.1300/J184v08n01_05
Sokhadze, E. M., El-Baz, A. S., Tasman, A., Sears, L. L., Wang, Y., Lamina, E. V., & Casanova, M. F. (2014). Neuromodulation integrating rTMS and neurofeedback for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: an exploratory study. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 39, 237-257.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-014-9264-7.
Torres, C. B., Barona, E. J. G., Molina, M. G., Sánchez, M. E. G. B., & Manso, J. M. M. (2023). A systematic review of EEG neurofeedback in fibromyalgia to treat psychological variables, chronic pain and general health. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 1-19.
Walker, J. E. (2010). Recent advances in quantitative EEG as an aid to diagnosis and as a guide to neurofeedback training for cortical hypofunctions, hyperfunctions, disconnections, and hyperconnections: Improving efficacy in complicated neurological and psychological disorder. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-009-9107-0
Walker, J. E. (2011). QEEG-guided neurofeedback for recurrent migraine headaches. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 42(1), 59-61.https://doi.org/10.1177/155005941104200112
Watanabe, T., Sasaki, Y., Shibata, K., & Kawato, M. (2017). Advances in fMRI real-time neurofeedback. Trends in cognitive sciences, 21(12), 997-1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.09.
White, N. E., & Richards, L. M. (2023). Alpha–theta neurotherapy and the neurobehavioral treatment of addictions, mood disorders, and trauma. In Introduction to quantitative EEG and neurofeedback (pp. 397-410). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-89827-0.00006-1
Wodtke, D. (2023). PERSONAL EXPERIENCES: My Continuing Healing Journey with LENS. Biofeedback, 51(1).
Wolak, T., Rogala, J., Wojciechowski, J., Cygan, B. H., & Wójcik, J. (2022). Real-time fMRI neurofeedback–a promising tool for treating tinnitus. Journal of Hearing Science, 12(1).
Yamada, T., Hashimoto, R. I., Yahata, N., Ichikawa, N., Yoshihara, Y., Okamoto, Y., … & Kawato, M. (2017). Resting-state functional connectivity-based biomarkers and functional MRI-based neurofeedback for psychiatric disorders: a challenge for developing theranostic biomarkers. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 20(10), 769-781. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx059
Young, M. J., Lin, D. J., & Hochberg, L. R. (2021, March). Brain–Computer Interfaces in Neurorecovery and Neurorehabilitation. In Seminars in neurology (Vol. 41, No. 02, pp. 206-216). 333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.